Characteristics, therapies, and outcomes of In-Hospital vs Out-of-Hospital cardiac arrest in patients presenting to cardiac intensive care units: From the critical care Cardiology trials network (CCCTN).

BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrest (CA) is a common reason for admission to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU), though the relative burden of morbidity, mortality, and resource use between admissions with in-hospital (IH) and out-of-hospital (OH) CA is unknown. We compared characteristics, care patterns, and outcomes of admissions to contemporary CICUs after IHCA or OHCA. METHODS: The Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network is a multicenter network of tertiary CICUs in the US and Canada. Participating centers contributed data from consecutive admissions during 2-month annual snapshots from 2017 to 2021. We analyzed characteristics and outcomes of admissions by IHCA vs OHCA. RESULTS: We analyzed 2,075 admissions across 29 centers (50.3% IHCA, 49.7% OHCA). Admissions with IHCA were older (median 66 vs 62 years), more commonly had coronary disease (38.3% vs 29.7%), atrial fibrillation (26.7% vs 15.6%), and heart failure (36.3% vs 22.1%), and were less commonly comatose on CICU arrival (34.2% vs 71.7%), p < 0.001 for all. IHCA admissions had lower lactate (median 4.3 vs 5.9) but greater utilization of invasive hemodynamics (34.3% vs 23.6%), mechanical circulatory support (28.4% vs 16.8%), and renal replacement therapy (15.5% vs 9.4%); p < 0.001 for all. Comatose IHCA patients underwent targeted temperature management less frequently than OHCA patients (63.3% vs 84.9%, p < 0.001). IHCA admissions had lower unadjusted CICU (30.8% vs 39.0%, p < 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (36.1% vs 44.1%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Despite a greater burden of comorbidities, CICU admissions after IHCA have lower lactate, greater invasive therapy utilization, and lower crude mortality than admissions after OHCA.

A Multisite Retrospective Review of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Compared to Warfarin in Adult Fontan Patients.

PURPOSE: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are not recommended in adult Fontan patients (Level of Evidence C). We hypothesized that DOACs are comparable to warfarin and do not increase thrombotic and embolic complications (TEs) or clinically significant bleeds. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of adult Fontan patients on DOACs or warfarin at three major medical centers. We identified 130 patients: 48 on DOACs and 107 on warfarin. In total, they were treated for 810 months on DOACs and 5637 months on warfarin. RESULTS: The incidence of TEs in patients on DOACs compared to those on warfarin was not increased in a statistically significant way (hazard ratio [HR] 1.7 and p value 0.431). Similarly, the incidence of nonmajor and major bleeds in patients on DOACs compared to those on warfarin was also not increased in a statistically significant way (HR for nonmajor bleeds in DOAC patients was 2.8 with a p value of 0.167 and the HR for major bleeds was 2.0 with a p value 0.267). In multivariate analysis, congestive heart failure (CHF) was a risk factor for TEs across both groups (odds ratio [OR] = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-17.6) and bleed history was a risk factor for clinically significant bleeds (OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 2.7-17.2). CONCLUSION: In this small, retrospective multicenter study, the use of DOACs did not increase the risk of TEs or clinically significant bleeds compared to warfarin in a statistically significant way.

Intensive Care Unit Management of the Adult with Congenital Heart Disease.

PURPOSE: Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) are a rapidly growing population with ever-increasing complexity, and intensive care unit (ICU) management is often necessary. This review summarizes common cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular complications in ACHD and provides a framework for ICU care. RECENT FINDINGS: Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in ACHD. Varied anatomy and repairs, as well as differing physiological complications, limit generalized application of management algorithms. Recent studies suggest that earlier mechanical support in advanced cases is feasible and potentially helpful. Cardiac arrhythmias are poorly tolerated and often require immediate attention. Other complications requiring intensive care include infections such as endocarditis and COVID-19, pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, coagulopathy, and stroke. Successful ICU care in ACHD requires a multi-disciplinary approach with careful consideration of anatomy, physiology, and associated comorbidities. Few studies have formally examined ICU management in ACHD and further research is necessary.

Right Ventricular Failure and Congenital Heart Disease.

Survivorship into adulthood of patients with congenital heart disease is due to improvements in prenatal detection, novel surgeries, and specialized adult congenital heart disease care. As patients survive further into adulthood, long-term complications of congenital and repaired physiology have been more clearly elucidated. The overall mortality of patients with adult congenital heart disease with heart failure is around 4%. Congenital malformations, palliations, residual defects, and resultant physiology impact the right ventricle. This relationship influences morbidity and mortality. For this discussion, focus on atrial septal defects, Ebstein anomaly, Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and single right ventricle physiology.